Automedicación con antibióticos en cuatro farmacias de ciudad de Guatemala: características, fuentes de información, efectos percibidos, y motivos
Resumen
Existen pocas regulaciones que guíen el uso racional de antibióticos en países de rentas bajas o medias, lo cual facilita la automedicación con antibióticos (AMA). Describir las fuentes de información usadas durante la práctica de AMA, los efectos percibidos, y los motivos que rodean la práctica de AMA en Guatemala. Una encuesta descriptiva transversal se administró entre quienes compraron antibióticos sin receta en cuatro farmacias de ciudad de Guatemala. Las preguntas identificaron las características demográficas de los participantes, el origen de la solicitud de antibiótico, y los efectos percibidos de la AMA. En total, 230 participantes respondieron al cuestionario en cuatro farmacias. Dos farmacias correspondieron a un contexto socioeconómico bajo (FSEB) y dos correspondieron a un contexto socioeconómico alto (FSEA). La mayoría de participantes de las FSEB (93%) y de FSEA (60%) reportaron haberse automedicado con antibióticos previamente (p < .001). Cuarenta y cuatro por ciento de participantes de FSEB y 27% de FSEA usaron viejas recetas como fuentes de información cuando practicaron AMA (p = .010); 27% de participantes de FSEA hablaron por teléfono con médicos para seleccionar el antibiótico. Setenta y tres por ciento de FSEB y 68% de FSEA percibieron mejoras en su salud (p < .001) como resultado de AMA. Veinticinco por ciento de FSEB y 35% de FSEA reportaron efectos secundarios de AMA. Los motivos para automedicarse con antibióticos incluyeron ahorro de tiempo y dinero en consultar a un médico. Los resultados contribuyen a las evidencias crecientes sobre el uso de antibióticos y tienen el potencial de servir para desarrollar prácticas y políticas sobre dispensación de antibióticos en farmacias.
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